The new wavefront is a line tangent to all of the wavelets. Angular deviation of a prism depends on the prism angle. The irish mathematician, astronomer, and physicist sir william rowan hamilton made an enormous number of contributions to his elds. Workshop tutorials for biological and environmental physics wr1b. Week 1 rayoptics approach snells law, geometric optics, thin lens, matrix method. In this module, we shift the emphasis from light rays to light wavesfrom geometrical optics to physical optics. Wave optics propagation, interference and diffraction of waves axel kuhn, oxford 2016 paul ewarts lecture notes and problem sets. Physics formulas optics cheat sheet in concave mirrors. R is the radius of curvature and is the distance c from the mirror.
Every point on a wavefront is a source of wavelets that spread out in the forward direction at the same speed as the wave itself. We get the important ray equation of optics, by differentiating the eikonal equation after the. Optics describe the light propagation in terms of the light ray. Optics physical optics wave optics quantum optics geometrical optics. Optics equations pdf optics equations pdf optics equations pdf download. Optics breaks into different levels of abstraction, each level being very good for specific applications.
Pedrotti cord waco, texas in module, basic geometrical optics, we made use of light rays to demonstrate reflection and refraction of light and the imaging of light with mirrors and lenses. Definitions geometric optics luminal rays general fundamental. One will probably not need to calculate the focal length of a lens but if one does it will probably be a spherical mirror whose focal length is given by. In number theory, the optic equation is an equation that requires the sum of the reciprocals of two positive integers a and b to equal the reciprocal of a third positive integer c. Rays coming parallel to the principal axis pass from the focal point rays coming from the focal point travel parallel to the principal axis ray coming from the center of curvature turn back on itself ray hits the mirror at vertex, it reflects with the same angle it does with principal axis if the object is placed between focal. Refractive index refractive indexsnells law two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 meet at a surface or interface. Light rays tend to bend at the interface of two different medium where the refractive index changes. Which diagram depicts how the rays from the star would travel if he does not refocus. Ap physics formulas waves and optics flashcards quizlet. Use the thinlens equations to determine location, size, orientation, and nature of the. The questions are about reflection, refraction, critical angle, lenses, reflectors, light rays propagating through different mediums, refractive index of materials, etc.
This change may misalign the laser if its two windows are symmetrical rather than parallel. If you capture sunlight in a mirror or lens you can feel the heat where the sunlight is reflectedrefracted as a real image but you cannot feel the heat where the sunlight is. Download physics formulas and concept pdf for class 11, 12, iitjee, pmt and other competitive exams. Subsequent chapters build on this foundation to develop the wave and ray descriptions of classical optics. A wavefront is the long edge that moves, for example, the crest or the. Multiplying both sides by abc shows that the optic equation is equivalent to a diophantine equation a polynomial equation in multiple integer variables. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
The basic quantities describing an electromagnetic wave are the electric field and the magnetic field. Optics equations pdf light is a transverse electromagnetic wave. The problems consist of old examination questions that have been selected to match the topic of each problem class. The mathematical optics of sir william rowan hamilton. Each position in space corresponds to a unique vector r.
In 1833 he published a paper describing a characteristic function determining the behavior of rays. If the focus is kept on the basic nature of matter, the next step is to look at the photoelectric effect and the particle nature of. Maxwells equations in integral and differential form 51. Origins of the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability. Assumes that light is a stream of particles called photon. Problems and solutions for sk2300 optical physics v. For our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of. Waves optics equations and formulas pdf mymathtables.
Normally one would choose the level of abstraction that requires th. Frankl your own mind is a sacred enclosure into which nothing harmful can enter except by your promotion. Lecture 21 reminderintroduction to wave optics program. Smith is gazing at something as shown in the figure to the left.
Geometrical optics is the treatment of the passage of light through lenses, prisms, etc. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. This mirror is a portion of a sphere of radius r whose center is at c. Archimedes and other ancient greek thinkers made original contributions but we mention here heron of alexandria c. In this overview, we present a short history of optics highlighting the central. With a protractor at eye level, he finds the angle at the top of the flag pole with the horizontal is 25. Geometrical optics please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going a3a4 and using back to back on the photocopier contents. The electric e and magnetic m fields are perpendicular to each other and to the propagation vector k, as shown below. Thin lens equation and problem solving geometric optics. In geometric optics, the following statements are true for real and virtual images.
Week 2 electromagneticwave approach wave equation, polarization. Physics 673 nonlinear and quantum optics lecture notes a. This i the first of a number of chapters on the subject of electromagnetic radiation. A light ray from a source goes in a straight line through the air, but when it encounters a lens, prism, or mirror it bends or changes direction. These questions may be used to practice for the sat physics test. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. This equation allows you to calculate the focal length of a lens if all you know is the curvature of the two surfaces. Optics notes massachusetts institute of technology. The electric e and magnetic m fields are perpendicular to each other. Optics is an exciting area of study, but as with most areas of physics it requires a variety of mathematical tools to be fully appreciated. Fundamentals of nonlinear optics dalhousie university. The nal two chapters of the book demonstrate the incomplete nature of classical optics and provide a brief introduction to quantum optics.
What is the importance of maxwell equations in optics. The camera uses a converging lens whose focal length is 0. Lecture notes optics pdf 57p this note covers the following topics. Chapter 1 handbook of optics photonics research group. The light ray in geometrical optics is an instrument which is used to approximate models of how the light will propagate. Bungy jumping is an increasingly popular sport, with a growing clientele of. We note that the latter is conventionally called the magnetic induction or flux density, due to historical reasons. This article summarizes equations in the theory of photonics, including geometric optics, physical optics, radiometry, diffraction, and interferometry. As nonlinear optics is usually discussed based on electrodynamics it is useful to start with an overview of the basic equations and notions. That depends on what specific application of optics you are looking at. The thinlens equation and the magnification equation example. With maxwells theory, the student is introduced to the wave nature of one component of matter, namely light.
As a result, these elds have immortalized hamilton in the numerous equations and concepts which bear his name. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book. The importance of focal lengths is their use in geometrical optics which will be disussed in the next section. This formula book is in pdf format and it can prove to be very helpful when you want to revise all your concepts on the go.
121 309 243 378 1540 1036 67 49 87 370 186 229 1143 752 112 1362 1396 430 1334 667 336 1542 12 1342 576 1053 149 714 1097 7 908 1365 724 230 281 771 570 166 185